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CBSE Class 10 Biology Chapter 1 Pdf PDF – NCERT 2026-27

Class 10 Biology Chapter 1 Pdf CBSE NCERT – Free PDF Download 2026-27

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About Class 10 Biology Chapter 1 Pdf

Class 10 biology chapter 1 pdf from NCERT provides comprehensive coverage of "Life Processes," the foundational chapter that introduces students to essential biological functions. This CBSE-aligned chapter covers crucial topics including nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion in living organisms. Students can download the free PDF of the latest edition for 2026-27 academic session to access detailed explanations, diagrams, and examples that simplify complex biological processes.

The class 10 NCERT biology chapter explains autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, plus circulatory and excretory systems in plants and animals. CBSE class 10 students benefit from studying this PDF as it contains practice questions, activities, and exercises that frequently appear in board examinations. Regular revision using this free PDF helps students master fundamental concepts before advancing to more complex topics. The chapter includes colorful illustrations and real-life examples that make learning biology engaging and memorable for tenth-grade students preparing for their board exams.

Important Points to Remember – Class 10 Biology

  • Life processes are the basic functions that living organisms perform to maintain life, including nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion.
  • All living organisms require energy to perform various activities, which is obtained through the process of nutrition.
  • Autotrophic nutrition occurs when organisms make their own food using simple inorganic materials, like plants through photosynthesis.
  • Heterotrophic nutrition involves organisms obtaining food from other organisms, classified into holozoic, saprotrophic, and parasitic types.
  • Photosynthesis equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (in presence of sunlight and chlorophyll).
  • Stomata are tiny pores on leaf surfaces that regulate gas exchange and water loss in plants.
  • Respiration is the process of breakdown of glucose to release energy, occurring in all living cells.
  • Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and yields 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
  • Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and produces less energy, commonly seen in yeast and muscle cells.
  • Transportation in plants occurs through xylem (water and minerals) and phloem (food materials) tissues.
  • Human circulatory system consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood, following double circulation pattern.
  • Blood consists of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%) including RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
  • Excretion removes metabolic waste products from the body to prevent toxicity and maintain homeostasis.
  • Human excretory system includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra as main components.
  • Nephron is the functional unit of kidney, responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion processes.

Quick Revision Notes – Class 10 Biology

  • Remember the acronym "NRTE" for the four main life processes: Nutrition, Respiration, Transportation, and Excretion, as per CBSE 2024-25 syllabus.
  • For photosynthesis experiments, focus on testing for starch using iodine solution and oxygen evolution using Hydrilla plant – these are frequently asked in board exams.
  • Differentiate between breathing (physical process) and respiration (biochemical process) – a common confusion point in CBSE examinations.
  • Draw and label the cross-section of a leaf showing stomata, guard cells, and chloroplasts – carries 3-5 marks in board papers.
  • Transportation diagram tip: Always draw arrows showing direction of flow in xylem (upward) and phloem (bidirectional) for complete marks.
  • Heart diagram memory trick: Remember "RALA" sequence – Right Atrium, Right ventricle, Left Atrium, Left ventricle for proper labeling.
  • Double circulation means blood passes through heart twice in one complete circuit – once through lungs, once through body organs.
  • Kidney structure diagram should include cortex, medulla, pelvis, and nephron – worth 5 marks in CBSE board exams typically.
  • Artificial kidney (dialysis) working principle is based on diffusion through semi-permeable membrane – important application-based question.
  • Plant vs animal nutrition comparison table is crucial for 3-mark questions in CBSE pattern as per latest marking scheme.
  • Enzyme action in digestion: Pepsin works in acidic medium (stomach), while pancreatic enzymes work in alkaline medium (small intestine).
  • Guard cells control stomatal opening through osmotic changes – understand the mechanism for 2-mark explanatory questions.
  • Translocation in plants occurs through phloem tissue and requires energy (ATP) unlike water transport in xylem.
  • Human respiratory system gas exchange occurs at alveoli level due to large surface area and thin walls.
  • Practice numerical problems on breathing rate, pulse rate, and urine formation for application-based questions in boards.

Frequently Asked Questions


The official NCERT class 10 biology chapter 1 PDF is available free on the NCERT website under the Science textbook section. You can also access it through CBSE’s official portal or DigiLocker for the 2024-25 academic session.


The chapter covers four main life processes – nutrition (autotrophic and heterotrophic), respiration (aerobic and anaerobic), transportation in plants and animals, and excretion. All concepts are explained with diagrams and examples as per the latest NCERT guidelines for 2025-26.


Life Processes typically carries 12-15 marks in the CBSE Class 10 Science board exam, including both objective and subjective questions. The chapter includes 1-mark, 2-mark, 3-mark, and 5-mark questions based on the current marking scheme.


As per CBSE’s latest syllabus rationalization, no major topics have been deleted from Chapter 1 – Life Processes for 2024-25. However, students should refer to the updated NCERT textbook and official CBSE circulars for any minor modifications.


The most crucial diagrams include leaf cross-section with stomata, human respiratory system, human heart structure, nephron structure, and experimental setups for photosynthesis. These diagrams frequently appear in CBSE board papers and carry significant weightage.